Toshiba Qosmio X505-Q880

Pre-installed with the Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium operating system (64-bit version), you’ll be able to easily create a home network and share all of your favorite photos, videos, and music. Windows 7 is the easiest, fastest, and most engaging version of Windows yet. Better ways to find and manage files, like Jump Lists and improved taskbar previews, help you speed through everyday tasks. Windows 7 is designed for faster and more reliable performance, so your PC just works the way you want it to.

The Satellite T115D

Pre-installed with the Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium operating system (64-bit version), you’ll be able to easily create a home network and share all of your favorite photos, videos, and music. Windows 7 is the easiest, fastest, and most engaging version of Windows yet. Better ways to find and manage files, like Jump Lists and improved taskbar previews, help you speed through everyday tasks. Windows 7 is designed for faster and more reliable performance, so your PC just works the way you want it to.

the affordable Toshiba T115D laptop (model T115D-S1125) with 11.6-inch screen is Toshiba’s thinnest and lightest Satellite model yet, offering the performance, flexibility and functionality you expect in a standard-sized laptop but in a highly portable and efficient package. Featuring a power-efficient AMD mobile processor and Windows 7, the T115D powers up quickly from standby mode and provides energy saving enhancements that deliver up to 6 hours of battery life. It’s also been given a number of comfort-driven, eco-focused design elements that are capped by the stunningly stylish Fusion finish in Nova Black.

Toshiba Satellite T135-S1330 TruBrite 13.3-Inch Ultrathin Laptop,

Pre-installed with the Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium operating system (64-bit version), you’ll be able to easily create a home network and share all of your favorite photos, videos, and music. Windows 7 is the easiest, fastest, and most engaging version of Windows yet. Better ways to find and manage files, like Jump Lists and improved taskbar previews, help you speed through everyday tasks. Windows 7 is designed for faster and more reliable performance, so your PC just works the way you want it to.

Built for your everyday life on the go, the affordable Toshiba T135 laptop (model T135-S1330) with 13.3-inch screen is Toshiba’s thinnest and lightest Satellite model yet, offering the performance, flexibility and functionality you expect in a standard-sized laptop but in a highly portable and efficient package. Featuring a power-efficient Intel ultra-low voltage processor and Windows 7, the T135 powers up quickly from standby mode and provides energy saving enhancements that deliver up to 9 hours of battery life. It’s also been given a number of comfort-driven, eco-focused design elements that are capped by the stunningly stylish Fusion finish in Nova Black.

Acer Aspire

Offering a compact footprint of just 7.8 x 7.1 inches, the EasyStore AH340 is both stylishly and functionally designed with a piano black bezel that’s complemented soft blue LED status lights. It’s powered by an Intel Atom processor 230, and it features 2 GB DDR2 memory, 10/100/1000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet, one eSATA port, and five USB 2.0 ports. The one-touch USB copy function enables quick file uploading–just plug in a USB device, push the button on the EasyStore AH340, and the data is automatically sorted and stored by file type into designated folders.

The Microsoft Windows Home Server operating system centralizes digital media in one location, making it easy to access files, photos, videos and music from any PC on your network. It also protects critical data by creating an image-based backup of every home computer every day, so you can restore a single file or an entire PC. With Windows Home Server, users can access the home network from the office or the road, for full access to their files and applications, just as if they were sitting in front of their home PC.

The hot swappable HDD cage enables you to increase your data storage by adding up to three 3.5-inch internal hard drives–allowing you to max out your storage capabilities at an amazing 7 TB (yes, that’s terabytes). The cage is outfitted with release levers for each drive to keep them secure. In addition, a recovery/reset pinhole provides additional data protection by enabling system restores and data recoveries with just one-touch.

The server works with DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) 1.5 Certified Home Server (DMS) and digital media player (DMP) to enable music playback as well as photo and video viewing on a TV. For internet security, the EasyStore AH340 comes with a 60-day free trial of McAfee Internet Security Suite 2008.

Internal Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is memory that can be accessed, the structure of the RAM is divided into 4 (four) parts, namely:
1. Input Storage, used to accommodate the input is entered via input devices.
2. Storage Program, is used to store all the program instructions to be processed.
3. Working Storage, used to store data to be processed and the results of the processing.
4. Storage output, used to accommodate the end result of processing the data to be displayed on output devices.

Input is entered through the input device, the first time it first accommodated in the input storage, if the input shaped the program, then transferred to a storage program, and if the shape of the data will be transferred to working storage. The results of the processing is also accommodated in the working storage and the results will be displayed to the output is transferred to output storage.

ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM is memory that can only be read only. The contents of the ROM was created from the manufacturer, in the form of operating system consisting of basic programs required by the computer system and the bootstrap program.

Bootstrap program required the first time a computer system is activated, a process referred to as booting. The contents of the ROM should not be lost or damaged, if this happens, the computer system will not work, the contents of ROM are permanent, meaning the contents of ROM will not be lost if the computer is turned off power.

Main memory Type
Vacuum Tube , Used on first-generation computers (1946) as the main memory. Each vacuum tube represents bit value 1. So if the main memory of 64 KB, then the vacuum tubes that required as many as 524,288 units. This is the first generation of computers resulted in a large size.
Magnetic Core Storage , Consisting of thousands of small magnetic ring diameter 18 mm and 10 mm hole, intangible like donuts. Each core can store 1 bit.
Planar Thin Film Storage , Made of thin ceramic plates embus view a collection that contains nickel-iron rectangular.
Semiconductor Storage , Storage is Volatile Semiconductor (contents of memory will be lost if the electricity does not enter). The shape of the chip can accommodate 64 KB served until capacity with 64MB
Josephson Junction , Having speed billion seconds, to get the speed of this circuit should be enclosed in a place that contains the liquid helium, so it will be cooled close to 0 degree Kelvin (= minus 200 degrees Celsius).

Storage Devices

Example SASD
• Punched Card
Developed in 1887 by Prof.. Dr. Herman Hollerith and for the first time in the United States to process the census in 1890. This card has a length of 18.4 cm, 8.125 cm wide, and 0.0175 cm thick. Each card consists of 80 columns and each column can record 1 characters.
• Magnetic Tape (Magnetic tape)
Magnetic tape is widely used as an external storage since 1950 on the UNIVAC computer. Magnetic tape is made of a thin plastic ribbon coated with iron oxide red-brown color.

Sample DASD
• Magnetic Disk (Magnetic disc)
Foreign savings are made from one or more disc shaped like a phonograph record, made of metal or plastic and its surface is coated with iron oxide. Magnetic disks are made of plastic called a floppy disk, and is made of metal and consists of many disks is called a Hard Disk. Which includes magnetic disk is as follows;
1) Micro Disk, plastic dish made from size 3 ½ inch diameter. One of the micro computers that use these deposits is an Apple Macintosh.
2) Mini Disk,  Introduced in 1972 by IBM as a storage medium for the mainframe computer. Mini Disk or Diskette have Read / Write Protect Notch (read and write protection hole) when closing the disc becomes Read Only nature, ie the information can only be read only. Disks coated with a protective coat called, which serves to protect the disc plastic (floppy disk) that is in it. Organized a mini disk with a circle divided into several so-called concentric track and cross-section is divided into what is called a sector. Amount of information that can be recorded depends on the mini disk density (density) disks. Mini disk density is determined in 2 ways:
• Track density, ie the number of tracks on the surface, as measured by units tpi (tracks per inch)
• Linear Density, ie the number of bits that can recorded per inch for each inch of each track.
3) Hard Disk, Made from hard disks of aluminum or ceramic material coated with a substance magnetic. Because the disk of the hard disk and rigid form, then one can be arranged harddisk up to 100 discs, disc diameter of generally 14 Inch, 8 Inch, for large and mini computers, or 51 / 4 inch for micro computers. Very large hard disk capacity for this already exists today that can accommodate 8 Gygabyte more.

• Optical Disks, In about the year 1980 experiment conducted by North America which then produces Philips Optical Disk System is based on the video disk 12 Inch. Optical Disk has 40,000 tracks and sector 132 can record data for 1 billion characters, and now developed to be store 12.5 billion bytes. Optical Disks have been studied since 1960 by Stanford Ovshinsky who is the inventor of the optical disk.
The process of recording data on optical disks by burning the small dots on the disk surface layer with a laser beam. Because recorded process by burning the optical disk can not be deleted and can not be re-used for other purposes. In 1983, the Japanese company Matsushita has developed an optical disk that can be erased and reused.

Processor
Processing Equipment (Processing Device) Is a data processing tool – enter the data and displays the result to the output device.  Processing tool consists of Central Processing Unit and Control Unit.
CPU (Central Processing Unit), The place where the program instructions are processed. At Micro Computer This tool is called a microprocessor. CPU consists of two main parts of the Control Unit and Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and several small deposits commonly called the Register.
Control Unit
This section served to regulate and control all existing equipment in the computer system. Control unit set when receive data input devices, when the data is processed and when the results displayed. Control unit translate instructions from computer programs, bringing data from input devices to the main memory and retrieve data from main memory to be processed. If there are calculations and logic instructions, the control unit sends data to the ALU. Results from processing the data carried by the Control Unit to the Main memory for storage again.
So the task of the Control Unit are:
1. Regulate and control the input devices and output.
2. Taking instructions from main memory.
3. Retrieve data from main memory when required by the process.
4. ALU instructions  to send when there is calculation and logic, and oversees the work ALU.
5. Save the results to the main memory.
Arithmetic and Logical Unit. (ALU)
The main task of the ALU is to perform all the calculations that occur arithmetic accordance with the instructions of the program. ALU perform basic operations with arithmetic increase, while other operations such as arithmetic subtraction, multiplication, and division is done by adding base. ALU circuit so that the carrying out operations arithmetic called adder.
Another task is to make a decision of the logic operation with the instruction after the program.
Register
Register a small deposit which has a high speed, faster about 5 to 10 times compared with the speed of data retrieval in main memory.  Register used to store instructions and data that are in the process by the CPU, while other data and instructions are waiting to be processed is stored in main memory.  Register associated with the instruction being processed is instruction register and program counter.
Instruction Register used to store pending instruction. The program contains a collection of instructions, first  time place in main memory. Processing program instructions carried out per the instructions. Instruction which turn to be processed, retrieved from main memory and stored in the instruction register.  Program counter is a register that is used to store the address (address) of main memory location that contains the instructions that are processed. Registers associated with the data being processed purposes is general-purpose registers that have generally accommodate data are processed (called Operands registers) and to accommodate the results of processing (called the Accumulator).  Important concepts that affect the speed of the processor is the size of the register.
Array Processor
Speaker array co-processor or processor is separate from the main processor. The function of the co-processor is to speed up processing time, by dividing the work of the main processor. The brain is a computer, consisting of the ALU.

There are many protocols in use today, some protocols to meet international standards and there is only applicable to a particular computer. Therefore a lot of these protocol differences. To make the similarity of each protocol function, then there is an international agency set the standard communication protocol, this body is known as ISO (International Standards Organization). ISO makes standards called the OSI protocol (Open Systems Interconnections) and some companies also make other types of standard protocol among others:

OSI Model

This communication protocol has several levels that define a function and every level of its own. Level (Layer) according to the OSI protocol consists of:

1.  Application Layer

Which is the level where there is an application program of each user.

1. Presentation Layer

This layer is the manipulation and process conversation data structure.

1. Session Layer

Regulate coordination and synchronization conversation.

1. Transport Layer

Set the transfer data from one system to another via transmission media.

1. Network Layer

Here the route set of data flow in a computer communications network.

1. Data Link Layer

arrange the data so that the error as small as possible (Error Recovery)

1. Physical Layer

An existing communications equipment, such as cables, modems and other repeater.

OSI protocol examples are artificial HLDC (High Level Data Link Control) protocol layer is variations between each other but have similar functions, there may be reduced because the layer is governed by other  layer. Layer standards issued by the OSI making computer vendors to design software for the communication protocol in accordance with the requirements.

Model DPA

This model was created by the U.S. defense agencies, to simplify the existing OSI model to meet criteria for American defense communications systems. DPA protocol using the principle of hierarchy which is not present in this model because it will be adjusted with the use of military methods commands principle, this protocol which uses a common communication method of access to the Network Host. This concept of the layer was formed consisting of 4 layers namely:

1. 1.       Network Access Layer

This layer served: Define Route Data, Control flow between the Host.

1. 2.       Internet Layer

This layer served to set Procedure accordance with existing network.

1. 3.       Host Layer

Set the Delivery of data between hosts.

1. 4.       Process / Application Layer

Setting the process data exchange applications.